Substance Abuse And Homeless People - 3056 Words

Healthy People 2020 – Substance Abuse and Homeless People Nara D’Angelis Sousa Do Nascimento Public Health Promotion National University School of Health and Human Services Abstract Substance abuse impacts the society on multiple levels and it is a major and complex public health problem. The total overall costs of substance abuse in the United States exceeds $600 billion per year. Substance abuse is often a cause of homelessness and homeless people report that drugs and/or alcohol were a major reason for them becoming homeless. Drug overdose is a new epidemic and it is the leading cause of death among homeless. At a state level, California accounted for more than 22% of the nation’s homeless population in 2013. Several determinants of health can be addressed to the high prevalence of substance abuse in homeless people. A fish bone diagram will be used to illustrate six determinants of health: Stress, Poverty, Discrimination, Housing, Access to Health Care and Social Support. Homeless people face stressful situations related to violence and danger and emotional dysfunctions. The access to health care has several barriers for homeless people. Poverty is al so related to all the factors to contribute to drug use. At last, lack of social support from family and friends and for recovery. Discrimination that leads to marginalization, stigma and increase of emotional distress. .Keywords: substance abuse, determinants of health, homeless people. Healthy People 2020 –Show MoreRelatedHomeless Research Paper1487 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless: Who Are They? In 2005, NCH (National Coalition for the Homeless) estimated 3.5 million people experience homelessness in the US every year (NCH,1). But what is homelessness? Jim Baumohl, a noted author, explained in Homelessness in America, the most common definition of homelessness used by researchers is the â€Å"absence of belonging to a specific place or to people† (NCH, 3). However, there is no set definition, due to the variety of living conditions a homeless person encounters, and theRead MoreThe Homelessness And Substance Abuse1436 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness and substance abuse Centell Brown Kelley Peterson SW- 751 Perspectives/Chemical Dependency Professor R. Chaisson, PhD., LCSW, BACS Southern University at New Orleans December 10, 2014 Abstract ​Homelessness and substance abuse are often two problems that continue to be linked together. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (2011), research conducted in the past five years indicates that about 50% of those who are homeless have co-occurringRead MoreTaking a Look at Homelessness893 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity, there are a large number of homeless individuals. In homeless population, mental illness commonly present in the forms of schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, substance abuse, and other affective disorders. According to Metro Vancouver Homeless Count, there are â€Å"400 homeless people in Surrey, representing 15% of the regions 2650 homeless† (City of Surrey, n.d, â€Å"2014†). This problem has been present for many years and there are still people suffering from the basic lack of properRead MoreMental Health and the Homeless Community Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesassociated with distress and/or impa ired functioning† (2011). Our community is exposed to a large number of individuals with mental illness. Among those individuals are the widespread homeless populations. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development reported â€Å"twenty-five percent of the sheltered homeless report a severe mental illness (as cited in Allender, Rector and Warner 2014 p. 907).† This author found the target population to be predominantly Caucasian, Non-Hispanic, single malesRead MoreEmpathy Is Defined As, â€Å"The Power Of Understanding And1533 Words   |  7 PagesWant You to Know About Being Homeless in America, she writes, â€Å"I think there is a prevalent assumption in our society that homelessness is caused by an individual’s inability to make the right choices in their life† (Jayda Shuavarnnasri). Those assumptions are causing a daze between what is true and what people think about the homeless. While most homeless people do not choose to be homele ss, outsiders often prejudge them as alcoholics, drug abusers, and lazy people in general. This is far from theRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the societyRead MoreCauses Of Homelessness1405 Words   |  6 Pagesand interventions to be able to help the homeless population, we must understand their mental health and behavioral needs. The information they all share in common are the factors why a specific type of population became homeless. The interrelation of homelessness and mental illness are informed by many factors such as; the lack of support, extreme poverty, substance abuse, lack of affordable health insurance, and lack of affordable housing. The homeless population shares different struggles whenRead MoreThe Effects Of Homeless Conditions, Drug Abuse, And Mental Illness1464 Words   |  6 PagesA study of the Impact a Correlation of Homeless conditions , Drug Abuse, and Mental illness has on the Health and Wellbeing of Individuals Robin Mullineaux Salt Lake Community College Abstract This paper utilizes five peer reviewed articles for the purpose of identifying the interconnections between psychiatric conditions, self-medication and Homelessness. Depending on the severity of the psychiatric disorder, circumstances can lead to a homeless situation or nomadic lifestyle. It willRead MoreThe Social Issue Of Mental Health1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdepression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder. In the United States one in four people have anxiety disorders while 20 percent have a serious mental illness (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistics [SAMHSA], 1998, p. 116). Psychiatric hospitals are hospitals that specialize in the treatment of serious mental disorders. However, the process of deinstitutionalization hasRead MoreIntroduction . When Researchers Asked A Group Of Homeless1731 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction When researchers asked a group of homeless youth why they left home, their responses were rather heartbreaking. Among some of their answers included were, â€Å"she kicked me out because I was too much of a problem for her†, â€Å"my parents are abusive and drug addicts†, and â€Å"because my mom never had a house and did drugs† (Bernstein, Fosters 2008). Unfortunately the number of homeless youths seems to be steadily rising. The U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development database found

The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance

Qualifications Since my high school years, I have been passionate about gaining valuable medical and public health information in order to share with my peers and the community at large. As a current undergraduate senior majoring in Community and Behavioral Health, I have been able to expand my knowledge concerning the importance of maintaining one’s health in order to optimize one’s quality of life. My educational experience at the University of Maryland has reemphasized the importance of health professionals attuning to their patients holistic health, such as their social, emotional, and physical well-being, instead of solely focusing on their disease status. One specific topic that affects the holistic health of undergraduate students is sleep deprivation. I am interested in this topic not simply because I am a student in the School of Public Health, but because I am an undergraduate student that is also affected by the lack of adequate sleep. Topic Definition Development For the Research Review Article, I wanted to understand how sleep deprivation affects undergraduates’ academic performance. My topic question is as follow: What is the underlining cause of sleep deprivation in undergraduate students how does this phenomenon negatively affects their academic performance? It is well known that poor sleep pattern is a common trend in college students. What I am seeking to fully understand is whether the hours allocated for sleeping is the primary problem, or isShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance1557 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Less sleep causes less focus on academic performance. Sleep deprivation is a problem when it comes to academic performance; therefore students should learn how to manage their time and get enough sleep. Many have argued and many others agreed that sleep deprivation does have a big effect on the performance of students in school. For those who don t agree probably think that sleep deprivation has nothing to do with the bad performance of studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance3327 Words   |  14 Pages The main objective of this study was to determine the psychological effects of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a lack of sleep that can cause a negative effect on cognitive function and can lead to deterioration in physical health. Research and literature reviews reveal sleep deprivation can be caused by shift work, travel, stress, and sleep disorders; such as sleep apnea. Results have found sleep deprivation can cause lack of attention, inability to concentrate, auditory dysfunctionRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance Of College Students Essay2242 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of College Students Sleep is something that every human experiences nearly every night. It is essential for achieving personal wellness, similar to how a nutritious diet and exercise are needed in order to be healthy. However, the stereotype of college students sometimes staying awake extremely late at night in order to finish their assignments still persists. This is a very unhealthy lifestyle choice if it is done repeatedly. In order forRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is a necessity that people require to live a healthy lifestyle, and to partake in daily activities. Sleep is something that improves concentration, physical health, and provides energy. Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"For you to sleep well at night, the aesthetic, the quality, has to be carried all the way through.† Steve Jobs is proclaiming that to receive the full benefits of sleep, people must sleep the recommended hours. College students continue to undergo a lack of sleep as th ey persist throughRead MoreThesis Statement : Sleep Deprivation1414 Words   |  6 PagesEng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement: Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b. Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive andRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep On Undergraduate Academic Performance1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Sleep on Undergraduate Academic Performance There are only a few needs of humans that are essential for survival. These include food, water, oxygen, and sleep (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). A lack of any of these fundamental needs can be detrimental to human functioning (Orzel-Gryglewska, 2010). The effects of sleep deprivation are numerous. Without sleep humans can be irritable, distracted, forgetful, and even experience hallucinations. There are even diseases associated with continualRead MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep Deprivation in College Students Stress Management Betty Diaz August 14, 2017 Abstract A common problem in many young adults in college is sleep deprivation. College students are some of the most sleep deprived people. Their sleep hygiene behavior is worse than adults. An adequate amount of sleep time is 7 to 8 hours each night to complete a regular sleep cycle. When college students have less sleep time, they are disturbing their sleeping cycle and their bodies respond by decreasing theirRead MoreSleep Deprivation Persuasive Speech1577 Words   |  7 PagesChronic Sleep Deprivation Introduction: A. Attention Getting Opening: Over the past ten to twenty years, academic demands placed upon college students have increased significantly, this has lead to an increase in workload and amount of time needed to study for a specific course. Today, college students represent the most sleep-deprived division of the population in the U.S. (Sleep and Memory). According to Gayla Martindale, 63% percent of the students who attend college do not get enough sleep, whichRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Children Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Simmons once said, â€Å"There is no such thing as sleep deprivation, there is only caffeine deficiency.† College students everywhere have claimed this as their motto. From art majors who stay up late practicing charcoal and shading, to nursing majors who are stressing all night studying for their exams and practicums, to engineering majors who think a good night’s sleep is three or four hours, sleep has rarely been prio ritised in college. Psychology Professors at the University of Hong Kong, The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the psychological effects of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a lack of sleep that can cause a negative effect on cognitive function and can lead to deterioration in physical health. Research and literature reviews reveal sleep deprivation can be caused by shift work, travel, stress, and sleep disorders; such as sleep apnea. Results have found sleep deprivation can cause lack of attention, inability to concentrate, auditory dysfunction, higher proportion of tobacco or alcohol usage, and traffic accidents. Future research can lead to ways of preventing sleep deprivation from occurring as often. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION Sleep deprivation has many negative aspects, particularly on college students. Many studies show sleep deprivation not only causes a negative effect on academic performance, but can also become a safety concern with a student’s place of employment. Sleep deprivation causes auditory disturbances that can also affect learning. Lack of sleep or interrupted sleep can affect a college student’s academic success. The study by Chiang, Arendt, Zheng, Hanisch (2014) was to determine the effects of sleep deprivation have on a college students academic and job performance. An online questionnaire was utilized with 206 students participating, but only 172 fully answered questionnaires were utilized. Researchers have defined Delayed Sleep PhaseShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance1557 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Less sleep causes less focus on academic performance. Sleep deprivation is a problem when it comes to academic performance; therefore students should learn how to manage their time and get enough sleep. Many have argued and many others agreed that sleep deprivation does have a big effect on the performance of students in school. For those who don t agree probably think that sleep deprivation has nothing to do with the bad performance of studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance852 Words   |  4 Pagesundergraduate students is sleep deprivation. I am interested in this topic not simply because I am a student in the School of Public Health, but because I am an undergraduate student that is also affected by the lack of adequate sleep. Topic Definition Development For the Research Review Article, I wanted to understand how sleep deprivation affects undergraduates’ academic performance. My topic question is as follow: What is the underlining cause of sleep deprivation in undergraduate studentsRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance Of College Students Essay2242 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of College Students Sleep is something that every human experiences nearly every night. It is essential for achieving personal wellness, similar to how a nutritious diet and exercise are needed in order to be healthy. However, the stereotype of college students sometimes staying awake extremely late at night in order to finish their assignments still persists. This is a very unhealthy lifestyle choice if it is done repeatedly. In order forRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is a necessity that people require to live a healthy lifestyle, and to partake in daily activities. Sleep is something that improves concentration, physical health, and provides energy. Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"For you to sleep well at night, the aesthetic, the quality, has to be carried all the way through.† Steve Jobs is proclaiming that to receive the full benefits of sleep, people must sleep the recommended hours. College students continue to undergo a lack of sleep as th ey persist throughRead MoreThesis Statement : Sleep Deprivation1414 Words   |  6 PagesEng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement: Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b. Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive andRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep On Undergraduate Academic Performance1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Sleep on Undergraduate Academic Performance There are only a few needs of humans that are essential for survival. These include food, water, oxygen, and sleep (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). A lack of any of these fundamental needs can be detrimental to human functioning (Orzel-Gryglewska, 2010). The effects of sleep deprivation are numerous. Without sleep humans can be irritable, distracted, forgetful, and even experience hallucinations. There are even diseases associated with continualRead MoreSleep Deprivation On College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep Deprivation in College Students Stress Management Betty Diaz August 14, 2017 Abstract A common problem in many young adults in college is sleep deprivation. College students are some of the most sleep deprived people. Their sleep hygiene behavior is worse than adults. An adequate amount of sleep time is 7 to 8 hours each night to complete a regular sleep cycle. When college students have less sleep time, they are disturbing their sleeping cycle and their bodies respond by decreasing theirRead MoreSleep Deprivation Persuasive Speech1577 Words   |  7 PagesChronic Sleep Deprivation Introduction: A. Attention Getting Opening: Over the past ten to twenty years, academic demands placed upon college students have increased significantly, this has lead to an increase in workload and amount of time needed to study for a specific course. Today, college students represent the most sleep-deprived division of the population in the U.S. (Sleep and Memory). According to Gayla Martindale, 63% percent of the students who attend college do not get enough sleep, whichRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Its Effects On Children Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Simmons once said, â€Å"There is no such thing as sleep deprivation, there is only caffeine deficiency.† College students everywhere have claimed this as their motto. From art majors who stay up late practicing charcoal and shading, to nursing majors who are stressing all night studying for their exams and practicums, to engineering majors who think a good night’s sleep is three or four hours, sleep has rarely been prio ritised in college. Psychology Professors at the University of Hong Kong,

Coles Supermarket Case Study for Promotion -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theColes Supermarket Case Studyfor Product and Promotion. Answer: Introduction Marketing is a mix of activities that companies used in trading to attract and keep customers (Investopedia LLC, 2017). This is essential to build and sustain the companys brand in the market. However, ethical issues must be taken into consideration while utilising different strategies in marketing. Coles is a supermarket giant operating across Australia for more than 100 years. Its rebranding of its own-brand products became a topic in 2009 because it was previously being criticised for having a similar logo with the Australian Heart Foundation. The tick symbol on the label of the products means that they meet the requirements of the Foundation regarding nutritional content. However, some of the products of Coles contains ingredients that causes health risks despite of its claims. Because of this, product and promotion of the 5Ps of marketing (Australian Government, 2017) are the main focus of the arguments regarding ethical issues. A Brief History of Coles Coles is a supermarket retailer founded by GJ Coles on 09 April 1914. Its first store was opened in Collingwood, Victoria (Coles Supermarket Australia Pty Ltd, 2017). During the last century, the history of the company includes: first electrical appliances sold (1946), launched cosmetic range (1948), converted the shop to self-service (1956), opened the first freestanding supermarket (1960), introduced home brand products (1970), used electronic scanners (1982), established liquor interests and creation of Coles Myer Ltd (1985), adopted new technology (1990), set up Flybuys program (1993), trialled online shopping in Melbourne (1999), inaugurated Coles Express service stations (mid 2004) and was acquired by Wesfarmers (2007). Currently, it has more than 780 stores operating around Australia. This supermarket offers a variety of products and services for consumers including grocery items, alcohol, insurance and credit card services, loyalty cards and many others. For over 100 years, Coles is committed to improving the quality of service they provide to their consumers. Their aim as of today according to Wesfarmers website (2017) is to provide a shop that Australians can trust, delivering quality service and value. They are trying to continue their efforts to sustain in the market while delivering quality fresh food for a cheaper price. Arguments Mislead Consumers Incorrect labelling This is mainly by using cholesterol free on the label even though the Trans fats that it contains make the cholesterol level to increase which can be harmful to consumers health once consumed. Label is an essential factor for consumers in deciding the right product that they need. According to Singh and Gupta (2016), label provides helpful information on the description and contents of a product, instructions on how to use it as well as its manufacturer. This is the first contact of a prospective buyer when sales agents are not around to help them decide which product to use so it should be accurately described. Because of its usefulness, there are different governing bodies created to ensure that label complies with the standards. By law, it is important to note that any form of misleading or deceptive conduct is illegal. Similarly, if a company did the same with their claims on their products or services, they will be held liable. Food Standards Australia New Zealand website (2015) states that Australian Consumer Law (ACL), which is confined in Competition and Consumers Act 2010, is enforced by Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) to protect consumers in Australia. In the Coles Branding case study, Coles made a claim on its canola and vegetable oils that is misleading to consumers. Putting a cholesterol free on the labels of the product is a misrepresentation because the Trans fatty acid ingredient of the oil could potentially increase the level of cholesterol of a person. This is critical to people especially those who have heart problems history in order to avoid any unnecessary consequences on their health. It appears that their cholesterol free claim is contradicting with the effects of the oil in the body. This should be explained by giving advisory statement to consumers about this issue. Free riding with the Heart Foundation logo Due to the similarity of logos of the Heart Foundation and Coles SmartBuy and Youll Love Coles as shown in the images below, it suggests that lower price items are as nutritious as the expensive ones and it is easily recognisable as a healthy option. (SMH Fairfax Media, 2009) Coles Branding Case Study (Cohen et al 2013) The National Heart Foundation of Australia (2016) is enthusiastic in improving the heart conditions and saving the lives of Australian. A white tick with a red circle background is its logo which indicates that an ordinary customer can distinguished healthier options compared to similar food since this is only put on labels of companies that meet their standard for nutrition including fat, salt and fibre. Because of this, it seems like the supermarket brand is somehow using the tick resemblance logo with the foundation to attract customers. Although this is legal, this can still potentially mislead the consumers on buying the right healthy product for them especially some of them are relatively cheaper. An ordinary consumer who has no enough knowledge regarding this matter may not understand this unless it is pointed out to them. In some cases, this may be too late as harm has been done already. Oppositions Argument or Position The consumers should read the label before buying the product. Every individuals needs are different with each other so every consumer has to carefully select the products that they need. This is in particular with the people who are health conscious and needed to limit the amount of certain food ingredients they intake. Sometimes, researching is necessary to avoid consequences as most of the food products are manufactured for everyday consumers and not for any specific types unless stated otherwise. However, this will not be achieved if there are no information included on the product itself by the manufacturer. As suggested by Boatright (2012), ensuring adequate information lies between the buyer and the seller. This means that customer shares responsibility with the seller when they purchase the product. In Australia, there is a contract when a customer chooses a product from the shelf of the shop and pay it in the counter (ACCC, 2017). This is legally binding so the terms and conditions must be understood before buying the product. Penalties may apply if breach in contract happens depending on the scenario. Ethical Decision-Making Approaches and Theories The different ethical decision-making approaches and theories used to reach the conclusions are: Fairness or Justice This is one of essential moral requirement of any market transaction which involves providing adequate information as a form of right. The labelling of vegetable and canola oil could have been provided with more information like warning that even though it does not contain cholesterol, it can still cause to increase its level when taken. Well-being Although the contents of the oil are not harmful, if the person who will consume it has health problems and was not informed properly due to inadequate information, the company is still not protecting the person from any harmful products. Freedom Every consumer has the right to choose the product that they really want. If Coles indicated that a warning, for example, indicating the effects of trans fatty acids or just simply removing the cholesterol free to avoid misleading the consumers, the customers can decide carefully on which product they truly need. Manipulation and Deception The way Coles SmartBuy and Youll Love It brands were being advertised as likely manipulating the minds of consumers into thinking that their products are cheaper but healthy alternative option because of its similarity with Heart Foundations logo. Also, it is likely deceiving the consumers due to misleading information about the claims they made on some of their products. Recommendations There are various ways on how this can be done ethically correct to prevent any unnecessary circumstances to arise. Some of these are: Seller should add advisory statement on the label that once the product is used and consumed, cholesterol level may increase. This is to ensure that customers can choose freely the products that they need base on the adequate information given. Customers should look closely at the products written information and do relevant research if necessary Every customers need is different thus every consumer has to select the products they need. Particularly people with issues needs to limit certain ingredients they take. Thus the manufacturer should include all the information about the product in the label. Ensuring satisfactory information lies among the seller and the buyer. There is contract in Australia that states that when a customer picks manufactured goods from the shelf, must pay for it in the counter before use. This bids legally the terms and the conditions which must be understood before purchasing the product. If the contract is breached, it attracts a penalty depending with the scenario. First and foremost there should be justice which is an essential requirement in any transaction in the market. This involves the provision of right and adequate information. Secondly, even though, the contents in the oil maybe not harmful, if the customer consumes and gets health problems due to inadequate information, the company is n ot protective to their customers from harmful products. Conclusion Lastly, there should be no deception or manipulation. The way Coles SmartBuy was advertised is manipulative to the mind of the consumers, making them think that their products are cheap but healthy. Likely, they deceived the customers with the misleading information of their products. There are ethically correct way of preventing unnecessary circumstances that may arise. First, the seller should include advisory statement when labelling the products that once the product is consumed, there will be an increase in cholesterol level. This will ensure customers can freely choose products that have adequate information provided. Customers should closely look at the written information in the product and research about the relevant information if necessary. References Singh, S Gupta, S, 2016, Business Studies, revised edn, viewed 28 September 2017, https://books.google.com.au/books?id=DxS8DQAAQBAJpg=PT401dq=product+label+importancehl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwign6WzyMfWAhXHS7wKHT2tDvYQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepageq=product%20label%20importancef=false. Australian Competition Consumer Commission 2017, False or misleading claims, Advertising and Selling Guide, ACCC, viewed 28 September 2017, https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/advertising-selling/advertising-and-selling-guide/avoid-misleading-or-deceptive-claims-or-conduct/false-or-misleading-claims. Food Standards Australia New Zealand 2017, Truth in labelling, weights and measures and legibility, Food Standards Code, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, viewed 01 October 2017, https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/labelling/truth/Pages/default.aspx. Grace, D. and Cohen, S. (2013) Business Ethics: 5th ed., Oxford University Press Australia New Zealand. Burke, K 2009, Exposed: home brand deception, The Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media viewed 27 September 2017, https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/exposed-home-brand-deception/2009/01/16/1231608986605.html. National Heart Foundation of Australia 2016, About us, Heart Foundation, viewed 02 October 2017, https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us. Coles Supermarket Australia Pty Ltd 2017, Our History, Coles, viewed 02 October 2017, https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles/centenary. Wesfarmers Limited 2017, Coles, Wesfarmers viewed 04 October 2017, https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/our-businesses/coles. Investopedia LLC 2017, Marketing, Investopedia, viewed 04 October 2017, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketing.asp. Australian Government 2017, The 5 Ps of marketing, Business, business.gov.au, viewed 04 October 2017, https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/develop-your-business-plans/marketing/the-5-ps-of-marketing.

Japan vs Uk Economy Essay Example

Japan vs Uk Economy Essay Contemporary history of Japan and UK Japan is the first Asian country to industrialise its economy and become on par with the advanced west. This is all down to a very strong and determined work ethic and their technological aptitude. They place very high emphasis on education and with a comparatively small defence allocation (1% GDP) they have one of the most technologically advanced economies in the world. Japan enjoyed real economic growth for three decades with a 10% average in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s and 4% in the 1980s. However, growth slowed markedly in the 1990s to an average of 1. 7% due largely to inefficient investment and an asset price bubble in the late 1980s. In March 2011, Japan was hit with their strongest-ever earthquake, and a subsequent tsunami, which caused major devastation, killing thousands and damaging several nuclear power plants. The catastrophe disrupted the countrys economy and its energy infrastructure, and severely strained its capacity to deal with the humanitarian disaster (https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja. html). The UK was the first nation to industrialise by the mid nineteenth century she was considered the most advanced economy in the world. The British industrial revolution was founded on the basis of the market or capitalist economy. Adam smith is the father of the capitalist economy, he identified some key features of this system in his book â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† 1776, the features were: private ownership of resources; the price mechanism allocating scarce resources; laissez faire; competition; profit motive; and consumer sovereignty the Prior to 1979 the British approach to macroeconomic policies was very Keynesian. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan vs Uk Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Japan vs Uk Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Japan vs Uk Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Britain joined the European Rate Mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System (EMS) which meant that the British pound was tied to the EU exchange rate (Woodward, 2004). Britain’s financial policies were influenced by the collapse in oil prices during the early part of 1986. This meant that the level of tax revenue was reduced and the government was forced to delay any major reductions in income taxation. The collapse meant that government could only manage a 1 percent reduction in the basic rate (Woodward, 2004). 992 saw the end of Britain’s membership of the ERM which also brought about a major recession, affecting those who had benefited from the economic boom of the 1980s. Thatcherism saw the privatisation of many state owned entities, including British Airways, British Telecom and British Gas amongst others. The global economic recession of 2009 saw Britain plunder into deep recession, which lead to rising inflation and unemployment. Current economic situation Japan’s economy is sustained by its highly educated and well motivated labour force (Rosser and Rosser, 2004). For decades employers have guaranteed lifetime employment to their employees, hence the reason for Japan’s employment stability. This guarantee over the past few years, have been eroding because of dual pressure from global competition and changes in the demographic domestically (https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja. html). Nakajima et al (2000) stated that Japan’s economic growth since the burst of the economic bubble in 1990 has been minimal, with an average GDP growth rate of less than 1 percent in the 1990’s. Rosser and Rosser (2004) pointed out that Japan was the first nation of non-European origin to industrialise and experience modern economic growth. Its slogan â€Å"Japanese spirit and Western ability† sums up Japan’s approach to economic development. They succeeded by maintaining the Japanese culture which inculcates a good work ethic with western technology. Japan’s fiscal policy has attracted attention because of the relatively low levels of government spending and taxation (Rosser and Rosser, 2004). Rosser and Rosser (2004) stated that many believe that Japan’s relatively low level of social transfer payments encourages savings and hard work. Japan’s economy like most of the developed economies has been in recovery after the global financial crisis of 2009 but the recent earthquake and tsunami has dealt a major blow to their economic growth and recovery. It is argued that Japan has run out of steam and its economic miracle is over. Japan seemed destined in the 1980s to take the number one spot as the world’s leading economy but given recent economic failures this seems highly unlikely in the foreseeable future. The UK economy enjoyed major improvement in its financial stability during the 1980s. However, there was a high price to pay as unemployment rose sharply in 1981 and 1982, with unemployment levels rising to over 3 million in 1983 and remaining above that level until mid 1987 (Sentance, 1998). In 2001-2002 the UK’s GDP growth slipped as the global downturn, the high value of the Pound Sterling and the bursting of the ‘new economy’ bubble hurt manufacturing and exports. Despite being one of Europe’s strongest economies the UK’s growth rate is 1. 6% and unemployment is 7. 9%, this is as a result of the most recent recession that started in the US in 2009, which hit all the major economies, more so the UK because of their close economic links to the US economy.

Racism in to Kill a Mockingbird essays

Racism in to Kill a Mockingbird essays Racism is the belief in which ethnic groups account for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. This belief has been a part of the human race ever since people are born, racism is slowly fading, but people cannot that say all do not express it. There are still some who believe ones ethnicity and appearance change everything in that particular person. In Harper Lees novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, the towns people of Maycom misjudge African-Americans. They treat them like trash, and through some peoples eyes, African-Americans are just filthy beings. In this novel, Lee expresses ones ethnicity and appearance change others opinions about a certain character, without knowing the characters personality and beliefs. Tom Robinson, an African-American man, is accused of raping Mayella Ewell; since he is an African-American, he loses the case. Tom is given a defense attorney, Atticus Finch, who is chosen by the judge. Atticus Finch is a white man and he is an experienced lawyer. He tries his best to win Mr. Robinsons case and he proves that Mr. Robinson is not guilty of raping Mayella. Unfortunately, without hearing Mr. Robinsons testimony, he immediately loses the case. After the trial, Mr. Underwood says, Atticus had used every tool available to free men to save Tom Robinson, but in the secret courts of mens hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed. (Page. 241) Since Mayella is Caucasian and the fact that her words in the trial are against a black man, the jury instantly believes her statement, though it is a lie. Mayella hesitates answer all the questions Atticus asks her. She is hiding something and is afraid the truth would come out. When Tom is on the witness stand, he answers all of the questions that are asked of him. With...

Castigo por entrar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos

Castigo por entrar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos El cruce ilegal de la frontera para ingresar a los Estados Unidos tiene consecuencias migratorias graves e incluso puede tenerlas desde el punto de vista penal. Destacar que las consecuencias se producen tanto si se consigue el objetivo de ingresar como si se es agarrado en el intento.  ¿Quà © se considera ingreso ilegal a los Estados Unidos? En realidad, segà ºn las leyes migratorias constituye entrada ilegal varias acciones, entre ellas: cruzar por cualquier punto que no sea un control migratoriocruzar escondido en un vehà ­culo que sà ­ pasa por un control migratoriocruzar por un control migratorio utilizando una visa vlida pero que se obtuvo mintiendo cruzar utilizando un documento falso como visa, pasaporte o tarjeta de residenciacruzar con el documento de otra persona, como por ejemplo su pasaporte o cualquier otro.  ¿Cul es el castigo por cruzar ilegalmente 1 vez? El castigo por cruzar o intentar cruzar ilegalmente la frontera 1 sola vez comprende distintas penalidades como posible multa econà ³mica y/o posible condena de prisià ³n por un mximo de 2 aà ±os.   Adems, si no se consigue cruzar ilegalmente es muy posible que la remocià ³n de Estados Unidos tenga la forma de una expulsià ³n inmediata, que lleva como penalidad el castigo de no poder ingresar a Estados Unidos por 5 aà ±os. Tener en cuenta que incluso cuando ya ha pasado el tiempo de la penalidad es posible que sea especialmente difà ­cil obtener una visa no inmigrante porque se considera que la persona es inelegible. Esto se debe a que para pedir una visa no inmigrante con à ©xito uno de los requisitos es la de convencer al oficial consular ms all de toda duda de que el solicitante no tiene intencià ³n de quedarse en Estados Unidos. Y esto es particularmente difà ­cil cuando en el pasado se intentà ³ cruzar ilegalmente. Por otra parte, si el migrante consigue cruzar ilegalmente sin ser agarrado tiene que saber que sus problemas migratorios son reales. En primer lugar, es prioridad para ser removido de Estados Unidos, bien mediante una expulsià ³n inmediata o bien mediante un procedimiento formal de deportacià ³n, dependiendo del caso.   En segundo lugar, prcticamente todos los caminos para regularizar la situacià ³n mediante un ajuste de estatus estn cerrados. Esto es porque la persona se ha convertido en lo que se conoce como inadmisible. En la prctica esto quiere decir que incluso es imposible arreglar mediante el ajuste a personas que se casan de buena fe con ciudadanos americanos y tienen hijos ciudadanos. Por lo tanto habrà ­a que salir del paà ­s para ir a travà ©s de un procedimiento consular y ahà ­ hay otro problema que es que aplica el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Por todas estas razones los indocumentados que ingresaron ilegalmente deben consultar con un abogado de confianza antes de iniciar temas de papelerà ­a porque en muchos casos no es posible obtenerlos de ninguna manera desde un punto de vista prctico. Es cierto que hay abiertos algunos cauces abiertos, como por ejemplo el asilo que cada vez es ms complicado especialmente cuando se solicita en la zona de la frontera o las visas U para và ­ctimas de violencia que cumplen requisitos estrictos, VAWA para và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica o casos como la visa T por trfico humano o el programa de juveniles para menores de 21 aà ±os que han sido abusados y/o abandonados por sus padres. Segà ºn la ley actual los à ºnicos migrantes indocumentados que ingresaron ilegalmente y que estn protegidos frente a la deportacià ³n son los muchachos conocidos como Dreamers y que tienen aprobada una medida que se conoce como Accià ³n Diferida (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).  ¿Quà © sucede cuando se ingresa o se intenta ingresar ilegalmente 2 o ms veces? Las consecuencias civiles, es decir multas, penales y migratorias son ms graves que en el caso anterior. En primer lugar, multa econà ³mica de entre $50 a $250 dà ³lares, si bien esa cantidad se multiplica por 2 si previamente se castigà ³ a ese migrante con una multa por razà ³n de ingreso ilegal. En segundo lugar, puede haber pena de crcel, a entender de la siguiente manera: Las personas expulsadas o deportadas previamente de Estados Unidos por razà ³n de seguridad nacional, por ejemplo por pertenecer a pandillas, sern multados y/o condenados a prisià ³n por un mximo de 10 aà ±os. Si tiene ms de una condena, deber cumplirlas sucesivamente, es decir, no se permite la acumulacià ³n de condenas. Las personas expulsadas o deportadas de USA por 3 o ms faltas o por 1 delito si estos estn relacionados con drogas o delitos contra las personas sern castigadas con multa y/o prisià ³n por un mximo de 10 aà ±os. Las personas deportadas por un delito agravado pueden ser castigadas con multa y/o un mximo de 20 aà ±os en prisià ³n. Adems, en estos casos la reentrada o intento es considerada por sà ­ mismo un delito agravado. Finalmente, las personas deportadas por un delito no violento pueden ser castigadas por un mximo de 10 aà ±os de prisià ³n. En tercer lugar, hay importantes efectos migratorios ya que se produce la penalidad de la prohibicià ³n permanente para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Esto aplica en 2 casos: Cuando una persona ha pasado ms de 1 aà ±o ilegalmente en los Estados Unidos, todo el tiempo junto o de varias veces, despuà ©s sale y despuà ©s ingresa ilegalmente.Cuando una persona ha sido removida de los Estados Unidos e ingresa o intenta ingresar ilegalmente. Esto quiere decir que en la inmensa mayorà ­a de los casos nunca jams se podr regresar a los Estados Unidos legalmente. En casos excepcionales podrà ­a ser posible solicitar y obtener un perdà ³n para que se permita aplicar por una visa no inmigrante o una visa inmigrante si se califica para una. Si bien es siempre necesario vivir un mà ­nimo de 10 aà ±os fuera de los Estados Unidos antes de poder siquiera solicitar una autorizacià ³n para poder aplicar por la visa.  ¿Quà © leyes aplican para los casos de ingreso ilegal? Para estos casos aplican la Seccià ³n 275 de la Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Nacionalidad, conocida en inglà ©s por las siglas INA o el Tà ­tulo Octavo de la Seccià ³n 1235 del Cà ³digo de Estados Unidos (U.S.C., por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

System in organization final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System in organization final paper - Essay Example Insurance industry is a world where competition progresses speedily and the requirements of customers change quickly, Lenox should see that IT oriented system is to be delivered in months and not in a period of over three years. Oxford Health Plans Inc was ranked as the fifth top –growing company in the United States in 1996 by the Fortune magazine as the business was growing both in revenues and in members. Everything went topsy-turvy when Oxford management tried to introduce new computerized billing system as the executive’s paid a little or poor attention to information technology. The bad structuring and management of Oxford billing system not only tarnished the company’s brand name but also resulted its future growth as Oxford’s stock price stumbled down to one-third of its earlier quote due whooping loses of $ 300 million. If the management do not spot the apt IT-enabled chances, introduce misguided systems or mishandle the whole activity , in such scenarios ,IT systems can even be proved to be devastating like what it had happened in Oxford. Badly visualized and implemented IT investments become hazardous in the long run if it is not noticed at the early stage. Sullivan should have been made to directly report to Bennett, CEO rather than reporting to Fontana, CFO. Sullivan, as a CIO, should have assumed responsibility for outcomes of IT investments, in collaboration with the senior management. A management committee should have been formed with CIO as the head and this committed should have supervised the real-time systems and should have introduced necessary changes as and when necessary. Lenox CEO is fully aware that by bringing the latest technology, by modernizing key applications and by rationalizing and reorganizing the information services at Lenox, it definitely helps Lenox to see its business is growing. If investment in information technology is

You can decide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

You can decide - Essay Example fected the atmosphere surrounding the hoax, as with the discovery of fossils found in countries like Germany and France, and the recent publishing of Darwin’s theory of evolution kept scientists very curious to see what new fossil regarding man’s existence would suffice. 8. Woodward was an eminent geologist who accompanied Dawson to Piltdown town in order to visit the site where the fossil skull was found. They dug the site where the skull was found and found the remains of prehistoric animals, stone age tools and an ape-like jaw bone with human-like teeth that seemed to link to the skull that was initially found at the site. 11. The significance of the canine tooth that was found was to eliminate all forms of doubt that came with the reconstruction of the ancient skull by Woodward. If the canine matched its size in accordance with the jaw that was found, Smith would be able to endorse his predictions. 12. The second Piltdown man was found just two miles from where the first Piltdown man was found and was discovered by Dawson. The second find was very significant as it acted as proof of the first finding and also helped enforce how genuine the first find was. 13. Kenneth Oakley was a scientist working at London’s Natural History Museum. Kenneth was the man who applied chemical tests on the fossils so as to help authenticate and date the fossils and whose test rendered the fossils as fake as they were much younger than was expected. 14. The jaw and the canine tooth were believed to have been forged. The jaw was believed to have maybe been an orangutan’s and the teeth had simply been filed flat so as to disguise them, and the canine tooth appeared to have been crudely filed in a hurry and colored with paint. 15. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle passed by the digging site where the fossils were discovered while on his golfing rounds, and the possibility of him planting some of the fossils that were found acted as evidence of his involvement in

Motivation Theories Essay Example for Free

Motivation Theories Essay Content theories of motivation are based on the fact that the labor activity of workers due solely to the needs and focus on their identification. In turn, procedural theories of motivation are based on the fact that behavior of an individual is determined not only by a person’s needs, but also by the perception of the situation, expectations for the capacity, as well as the effects of the selected type of behavior, according to Motivation. Needs. It should be noted that Abraham Maslow recognized that people have many different needs and they could be divided into five main categories: he theory of justice expectations. According to this theory, the results achieved by the employee depend on three variables: the effort, the ability of a persons character and awareness of its role in the labor process. The level of effort, in turn, depends on the value of interest and assesses the likelihood of relations efforts and rewarded. Achieving the desired results can lead to internal rewards of the satisfaction of the work performed, and external rewards financial incentives, praise, career, etc. It is also believed that there may be a link between performance and employee to give him rewards that reflect the possibilities determined by the head of a particular employee and the organization. Value theory by L. Porter E. Lawler in the practice of motivation is that it shows how important it is to create a motivational system to combine elements such as effort, ability, results, reward, satisfaction and perception. Furthermore L. Porter E. Lawler showed that the high productivity of work is the cause of complete satisfaction, rather than a consequence of it. An important conclusion of this theory is the need to change the employees salary, depending on the success of his work. According to the theory of justice, people have their own assessment of the equity interest issued for certain results. Satisfaction is the result of internal and external rewards based on their equity. Satisfaction is a measure of how valuable reward actually is. This assessment will affect the persons perception of future situations. Motivational concepts that are also enough known are related to a group of content theories are the theory of David McClelland, in which he focuses on the needs of the higher levels: power, success and involvement. On this basis, according to McClelland, there is a fourth requirement to avoid trouble, obstacles or opposition to the implementation of the above three requirements. Motivational and hygienic model of F. Herzberg. It is widely known among scholars and practitioners was another model of motivation, developed F. Hertzberg with employees in the mid 50-ies of XX century and known as the two-factor theory of hygiene. As hygiene factors, he took the following: company policy and administration;Â  working conditions; earnings; interpersonal relationships with superiors, colleagues and subordinates; degree of direct control over the work. Motivation, according to F. Herzberg, is achievement of objectives, promotion, high level of responsibility and autonomy, creative and business growth, recognition, interesting content work. According to F. Herzberg hygiene factors themselves are not a cause for satisfaction, but their degradation leads to dissatisfaction with work, according to Frederick Herzbergs motivation and hygiene factors. Therefore, these factors are not motivating for employees’ value. Group motivators directly cause job satisfaction and affect the level of labor achievements. The theory of five nuclear factors by Hackman and Oldham. In the 70-ies of XX century was published a review of Hackman and Oldham the impact of the content of labor to maintain motivation. Developing the doctrine F. Herzberg, in their model, they identified five so-called nuclear factors, which, to them, a significant effect on work motivation. In accordance with the severity of these factors in the ordinary activities of the employee, they lead to the specific experiences that Hackman and Oldham called critical mental states. Group theory of valence-instrumentality expectations includes concepts of Heinz Heckhausen, Vroom and a number of similar theories relating to procedural learning motivation towards work behavior. Common to these theories is the proposition that there is a requirement not only requirement motivation. People consciously choose a course of conduct which, in their view, would lead to the desired results. These theories try to explain what objectives are formed, and why, how persistent they are pursued to achieve the expected results. The theory of Justice S. Adams. The group process of theories of motivation is aimed at organizational problems of production, the substance of the work, and is to be widely used in the western management theory of justice, developed in the 60 years of XX century. Adams, on the results of studies conducted in the company General-Electric. This theory postulates the search for the individual a certain state of equilibrium with its social environment (in particular, in terms of evaluation and pay, rewards for achievement). Individual compares two relationships: the relationship between his own effort and reward; same ratio, seen in monitoring the activities of others and to compare with their own efforts and reward. The theory of motivation of D. Atkinson. One of the theories is a process known as the theory of motivation of D. Atkinson, the essence of which is as follows. Employee behavior is the result of the interaction of the individual qualities of the individual and the situation of its perception. Each person strives for success, avoids failure and has two related motives: the motive for success and motivations to avoid failures. The theory of reinforcement B. Skinner. A significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of human motivation to work made development of B. Skinner, who proposed the theory in 1938, increase motivation (reinforcement theory), the essence of which is as follows: peoples behavior is determined by their past experiences. Consequently, workers prefer a mission that in the past entailed positive results, according to Theories of Motivation. All in all, there are many motivational theories and many authors who have shown their opinion considering the issue. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler, Maslow, Atkinson Heckhausen, and Hackman and Oldham have different point of view but all of them have something in common. The theories of motivation describe the reasons and personal development that a human has and expands its potential, as well as the need for self-actualization that can never be fully satisfied. Works cited Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.

The Transmission of Diseases from Livestock :: History Disease Health Medical Essays

The Transmission of Diseases from Livestock The signs at the Philadelphia International Airport are bold and make a clear point. The bright, yellow billboards all but shout: "Keep Foot and Mouth Disease out of America." Soon after seeing these signs upon entrance to the airport, travelers are greeted by customs agents who check documentation and bags to insure that the traveler has not been prone to the disease on his journeys. Any traveler exhibiting the warning signs of an individual who carries the disease is quickly swept away- removed from the general populace in order to prevent possible spreading of the disease. The above precautions may seem extreme. Then again, the precautions may appear normal in a world that has quickly strengthened airport security in response to recent terrorist activities. Neither of these reactions to the security checks would be fully accurate. The security checks preventing free entrance by individuals who have come into contact with animals or areas that house animals abroad are an innovation designed to prevent the most common method for spreading disease. These precautions have been implemented in order to prevent the spread of diseases infecting livestock. Throughout the course of history, diseases have been the greatest killers of humans. In fact, the winners of most wars were simply the ones who proved less susceptible to the germs carried by the enemy (Diamond, p. 197). Diamond correctly points out, then, that diseases have been the largest shaper of history. For instance, what would the world look like now if the Native Americans had carried germs that were far more potent than the Spanish conquistadors? (p. 197) The diseases that have been the great molders of the human experience are very often and quite easily traced back to animals, specifically livestock. Food production was seen relatively early in history of civilization as a better means for providing for a great number of people than the hunter-gatherer model that was once the primary model of existence. The success of food production in maintenance of human life leads to a society which has become dependant on farming, ranching, and other ways of life that produce foods from animals. The increased number of individuals able to be supported by a society supported by agriculture serves as an important factor in the spreading of disease. The most common method for spread of disease is direct transmittance from the animals to the humans.

Anthropology social relationships Essay

Social relationships in most cultures and societies impact heavily on how a person perceives their world. People create their social world but are also shaped by it, and part of this social world is the social relationships that are formed between individuals. These relationships vary in kind from family and kinship to friendship. Kinship and family are types of relationships that have been widely studied in the attempt to study and understand a culture or society. And whilst these are important, relationships of friendship also play a large part in the way the individual’s personality is shaped and how they view their social world. Relationships of kinship or family ties are generally unavoidable and are formed through generations of families or cultural ties. Tribes and small villages are a good example of this where the members of these social circles are in frequent contact with each other and are somewhat limited to the generations within the physical boundaries of their social world. The formation of these relationships does not require much effort and they are expected to continue even if transformed over time. Positive relationships can become negative and vice versa. Look more:  social process theories essay Within the classification of family ties and kinship, the individual’s ties’ with ones family would be described with him/her in the centre, his parents above, children and their descendants below and siblings to either side (Morgan, 1870, p.10). Kinship ties include those where an individual does not have close genealogical ties with another rather is related through an unexpressed social tie, marriage or other wider social circles. If you take rural villages as an example, the degrees of these relationships can be measured in a somewhat circular pattern, where immediate family is in the centre, followed by those related by marriage, and then the members of the village in various degrees of closeness. The ties of family are expected to continue even after death, i.e. the individual is still a son to his parents but is also a father to his children, a brother to his siblings, etc. If the ties of kinship are those of a wider social circle than that of family; then ties of friendship are to be considered in the somewhat grey area in the middle. Relationships of friendship are more informal yet private to some degree and are usually based on some common interest or sharing (Beer, 2001). This sharing is not limited to material objects, but also to thoughts and secrets; thus friendship is a relationship that is heavily dependant on mutual trust and loyalty as compared to blood ties of family or kinship. Aside from those with family, most other relationships can be created, sustained in some way or ended by the individual, and each relationship will have its effect on perception or the shaping of the individual and his/her world. It is as such a given that these relationships can be created or impacted on by the actions of the individual or both parties involved. In order for a social relationship to be established outside of the setting of ‘family’ many events and actions take place. Social relationships are important to the individual as well as their social world, these relationships are often the foundations of the individual personality. From a young age the first relationship would be with members of the immediate family, however as time passes, the social circle or boundaries per se, of the individual enlarge to include others. These relationships are created from different situations, a child’s first school friends, the relationships between parent and teacher, relationships of friendship between those who share mutual interest and those of work to name a few. These relationships can be established in several ways; the exchange of gifts, the sharing of interests, cultural beliefs and identity, or a shared interest. Gift giving being the easiest to understand can be condensed into the action of give and take between two or more parties. This process is not always a positive attempt towards the continuation, formation or beginning of a relationship as the refusal to reciprocate the gift giving can be also seen as an indication to end the relationship. Social relationships require a certain measure of give and take, gift exchange, secrets, conversation, and opinion. Gift exchange plays a large role in social relationships as it can be used in several ways; an indicator for the willingness to engage in a relationship, the intention to continue a relationship, etc. However, gift exchange has two parts, giving and receiving, and these actions have different results depending on the situation. Drawing on the article by Theodore Caplow (1982) on the connection between gift giving and relationships one can begin to understand the impact these actions have on relationships. Caplow describes the gift exchange as being mostly among kin, however he also mentions that gifts were also given among co-workers, friends and couples. Caplow described the gifts given and received between primary kin as being in a pattern where the gifts given from an older generation within family were likely to go downwards, i.e. more gifts were given by those older than 18 to those younger than 18. This process of gift giving and reciprocity is slightly uneven and occurs mainly among kin members. Parents do not expect much in the way of gifts from children and children only gift with what limited capability they have. However the gift giving changes in other relationships, for example, between couples who are dating or among friends. As such, the relationship between kin cannot be truly described as a relationship that is insomuch created as much as it is inherent simply to the birth of an individual, so when considering the process of creating social relationships, one must consider the relationships formed outside the circle of immediate family. Gift giving between individuals as mentioned above, is seen as a way to continue a relationship; one person gives a gift and expects one in return. To reciprocate and gift in return would indicate that one intends on continuing the relationship. Yet despite describing the action of gifting and reciprocity in the term of material gifts, it is not always material gifts that are exchanged. Gifts can be given to those one intends on keeping favour with the expectation of asking for something at a later date, which is not necessarily another material object, but it can be something like favour within a political setting. Positive social relationships also require ongoing maintenance and can be ended at any given moment by the actions of one or both parties involved for example in the case of two neighbouring Brazilian families in the town of Monte Verde where an old friendship ended in a feud (Descharmes et al. 2011, p349). In this case there remained a relationship, however it was a transformed, hostile relationship of revenge where one family would murder a member of the others and the opposing family would reciprocate with the same. This reciprocal opposition transformed the relationship from a positive relationship to one of revenge. In this case we see how a relationship is transformed, but transformations of social relationships can also be positive in weddings for example where two members of separate families are united and a new relationship is formed where those two individuals are now members of the others family. Marriage is a very common form of transformation for a relationship and is found in almost all societies and results in reciprocal rights between both parties whilst also creating a social process where new relationship are set up between the kin of both the husband and the wife (Brix, JH 2010, pp162). These transformations of social relationship occur often but with various results. In the formation of relationships of friendship, two individuals may move from being ‘acquaintances’ to ‘friends’. Beer makes the distinction between friendship and kinship; where kinship is usually used to describe close personal ties, not necessarily genealogical, and friendship is a relationship based on sharing of time, problems, plans, hopes and thought. As such with the sharing of secrets and personal thoughts, friendship is a social relationship that requires absolute loyalty and trust, as if the relationship is broken off; these secrets can be revealed to others. Over time, these factors affect a person and the way they shape their social world. If we consider that the individual shapes his/her social world and that this world in turn shapes them, we may also consider the effect social relationships have on this social world per se. Relationships between family or kin will shape a child in the early stages based on the culture and beliefs passed down from the parents or adults in the child’s kin circle. However as time passes, the social circle expands to include school peers and other adults. The biggest effect is usually from the friendships that are formed with others from a completely different kin circle to the individuals own. To go into a deeper understanding of the individual’s social world we must also understand their relationships. Drawing on the article by Ortner, 1993, on a high school graduate class, as a case study, we are given examples of some relationships that are formed and maintained. Ortner describes her high school graduate class and their sense of â€Å"community† during and after their school years. She goes on to describe the structure of â€Å"class† within the high school. this idea of a â€Å"class† system depicts the social circle or world that the members of these â€Å"classes† were a part of. These social circles are described as including members who had similar backgrounds or interests. Furthermore she goes on to describe the relationships that were maintained after high school. These relationships tended to run in the same circles as they had been during school years. So by analysing the social relationships of the individual we are given a deeper understanding of the way they shape their world. The social structure we give our world often is dependant on how we structure our relationships with others. The social relationships that alter the perception of social structure for one person may not always be applied with the same results for all people. This is due the many relationships we build and maintain with others over time. The formation of social relationships are created, sustained, transformed and ended with the actions of the individual and sometimes without. We may find ourselves in a relationship with others that has simply arisen through the relationship with kin or family. Yet these relationships help shape us and the way we crate our social world. These relationships are constantly in flux and changeable with the time that passes as a relationship can also change with the passing of time without many major or drastic changes. As such, these relationships play a major role in how we perceive our social world and inevitably our sense of self. Bell, S, Coleman, S 1999, The Anthropology of Friendship, Berg, USA Beer, B 2001, Friendship, Anthropology of, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier Science Ltd, USA Caplow, T. 1982 Christmas Gifts and Kin Networks. Sociological Review 47 (3): 383-392. Descharmes, B, Heuser, EA, Krà ¼ger, C, Loy, T 2011, Varieties of Friendship; Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Social Relationships, V&R Unipress, Germany Morgan, LH 1870, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, University of Nebraska Press, USA Ortner, Sherry 1997 Fieldwork in the Postcommunity. Anthropology and Humanism 22(1): 61-80. Turner, V. 1964 Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites of Passage. in J. Helm (ed.) New Approaches to the Study of Religion Seattle: American Ethnological Society pp. 4-20. Vaughn, L 2010, ‘Marriage and the family’, in HJ Birx (ed.), 21st century anthropology: A reference handbook, SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA

Faith and Man: A Literature Essay

In our history and our society we heard of stories of great men and women who pass through difficult times of their lives and were able to overcome and came up victorious. This made us to draw inspiration from them. People admired their courage and the strength they possess to surpass the tests in their lives. What could have driven this people to continue and press on with their lives? Is it because they are just extraordinary people that can do even impossible things or is it because of having a character full of faith? It is interesting to discover the role or relation of faith to man. Can man live without faith? What is faith and how do we explain it? Faith means believing that you have tremendous power to do exceptional things and to overcome hardships. Man plus his faith will guarantee that he will survive. Where is this faith really coming from? Inspiring Literature Helen Keller’s The Story of My Life illustrates an example of how a person with physical defects can raise above all her problems and became one of the respected lecturer and social activists of America. Helen Keller quoted that â€Å"Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.† This word signifies that Helen Keller believed in the power of faith which is also related to optimism, hope and confidence. If people look at Helen Keller’s life it may seem impossible for her to make significant contributions in society as her deafness and blindness was a real challenge. But because of her insurmountable faith she was able to succeed in life. Emily Dickinson in her poem entitled My Faith Is Larger than the Hill had this first line which says â€Å"M y Faith is larger than the Hills, so when the Hills decay, My Faith must take the Purple Wheel, to show the Sun the way†. This would mean that her faith is much higher than the hills around her and no matter how negative things are, there is a ray of hope waiting for her and could change the situation because she holds on to her faith. Grace Under Fire: Letters Of Faith In Times Of War by Andrew Carroll was a collection of war letters about the faith of the   US troops and their families in the midst of danger it said: â€Å"We are now encamped right in the midst of tall mountains which would look very strange to you they look like they reach clear up into the sky These days the mountains are now covered with ripe whortleberries which are very nice the people bring them to our camp & we buy them & our Irishman that cooks for us makes pies for us† Faith Can Move Mountains by Helen Downey is all about how a family increased their faith when Sara survived a major accident in her life. One line goes said that:† A tragic event happened before Sara’s parents opened their eyes to that word called ‘Faith’. Conclusion Faith is something that people must develop in their selves. Faith comes from your belief that some invisible force may take control to help you survive the difficult situation. It is always thinking that everything will turn out right. It also pertains in having faith in God and his divine intervention in our lives. Having faith means having hope. A number of literatures were written on how people have used their faith in times of troubles and difficulties. They are written to encourage everyone undergoing hard times in their lives. It really showed the power of faith for us to do things which seem impossible. Maybe if we don’t have faith everything around us will turn negative, there will be no literature ever written to inspire us and no literature to encourage us. Therefore faith is a gift from above that can empower and save us from all life’s challenges and difficulties. Work Cited Downey, Helen.† Faith Can Move Mountains† 21 July, 2009

Essay Sample on Fear Based on the True Story

Essay Sample on Fear Based on the True Story On the fourth of July, a group of young boys thought that climbing to the top of dead-mans cliff would be a thrill they would never forget. The climb was full of narrow paths and dagger-like rocks. They had precluded that the trek up to the cliff would be their only difficulty. The eldest and most courage’s boy of the group reached the summit first. As the boy peeked over the edge into the water his heart sank. â€Å" Is this the same cliff we had looked at from the water,† he thought to himself. Fear came over him as the other boys ran up behind him. â€Å"Jump, jump!† They shouted. He tried to speak but nothing came out. Not wanting them to think of him as a coward, he stepped toward the edge. He had jumped from a small cliff in the past and new all to well what the consequences were if he landed wrong in the water. Heart throbbing, legs shaking, skin sweating, and lungs gasping, he prepared to take the plunge. What the boy is experiencing is called fear. Fear is an unpleasant often strong emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of danger. In the boy’s case, the danger of not landing in the water perfectly strait could cause him bodily harm. The words dread, fright, alarm, panic, and terror, are essentially all terms that express different levels of fear. Fear is the most general term and implies anxiety and loss of courage. Everyone on the face of the earth has experienced this emotion. Different elements bring fear to peoples mind. The fear of heights played a large roll in the boy’s uncertainty in jumping. Some of the many fears people experience include: heights, death, abandonment, eternity, and ghosts. The causes of fear that one may experience can be traced back to his earliest childhood memories. A painful experience on a bicycle may generate a fear of riding a bike for many years. A near drowning experience while learning to swim could make one fear the water for the rest of his life. When I was nine years old I saw a horror movie about clown dolls. At night the dolls would come to life and torture people. For five years after I saw that movie I would have nightmares. And still to this day I cannot sleep in a room that has a clown in it. Fear causes anticipation in ones mind and an awareness of danger. Associating a physical or mental pain with an activity or object makes one have a fear of the dangers associated with it. There are three different types of fear: superstitious, intelligent, and uncertainty. Superstitious fear is a fear of imaginary and make-believe things. The â€Å"monsters† in the closet are a fear that young children have that is totally superficial. The television shows that a kid sees or the stories that are told to him by other siblings can cause his imagination to make up a creature that want to â€Å"get† him in his sleep. Intelligent fear is one that comes as one gets older and gains more knowledge of the world around him. A girl that carries mace with her as she walks home through a bad part of town is scared of getting raped or robbed. She is only fearful of getting raped or robbed because she has either read the newspaper or saw on the news, people who have been attach in that part of the town. The fear of uncertainty is, not knowing the outcome of ones action. The boy that was about to jump off the cliff was uncertain to whether or not he would land safely in the water. Also being uncertain of whether of not the water is deep enough plays a role in his uncertainty of the task. Fear is a natural emotion but having knowledge about ones surroundings can give enough courage to face those fears with some confidence. And that little bit of confidence is what one needs to safely overcome the challenge. Fear is not a good feeling; there is no freedom, happiness, or admiralty in it. One can spend a lifetime trying to conquer all his fears and never triumph. However that does not mean that one should not try. I read an inspiring quote a long time ago that read â€Å"There can be no courage without fear and no success without courage. Overcoming a fear will develop courage to take on more of life’s obstacles. The boy that was debating jumping off that cliff had two options. One being that he could try warming up on a smaller jump and progressively jumping higher. Or two, He could just jump and risk personal injury. The first is the best way in overcoming ones fears. By knowing the skills on the intermediate level first, one can safely move up to the more difficult advanced trials. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Fear from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers.  

Oliver Button Is a Sissy by Tomie dePaola

'Oliver Button Is a Sissy' by Tomie dePaola Oliver Button Is a Sissy, a childrens picture book written and illustrated by Tomie dePaola, is the story of a boy who stands up to bullies not by fighting, but by staying true to himself. The book is particularly recommended  for ages 4-8, but it has also been used successfully with upper elementary and middle school kids in conjunction with discussions about bullying. The Story of  Oliver Button Is a Sissy The story, based on the childhood experiences of Tomie dePaola, is a simple one. Oliver Button doesn’t like sports like the other boys do. He likes to read, draw pictures, dress up in costumes, and sing and dance. Even his father calls him a sissy and tells him to play ball. But Oliver isn’t good at sports and he isn’t interested. His mother tells him he needs to get some exercise, and when Oliver mentions he likes to dance, his parents enroll him in Ms. Leah’s Dancing School. His father says it is, Especially for the exercise. Oliver loves to dance and loves his shiny new tap shoes. However, it hurts his feelings when the other boys make fun of him. One day when he arrives at school, he sees that someone has written on the school wall, Oliver Button Is a sissy. Despite the teasing and bullying, Oliver continues dance lessons. In fact, he increases his practice time in hopes of winning the big talent show. When his teacher encourages the other students to attend and root for Oliver, the boys in his class whisper, Sissy! Although Oliver hopes to win and does not, both of his parents are very proud of his dancing ability. After losing the talent show, Oliver is reluctant to go back to school and be teased and bullied again. Imagine his surprise and delight when he walks into the schoolyard and discovers that someone has crossed out the word sissy on the school wall and added a new word. Now the sign reads, Oliver Button is a star! Author and Illustrator Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola is known for his childrens picture books and his chapter books. Hes the author and/or illustrator of more than 200 childrens books. These include Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland  and a number of books, including board books of Mother Goose rhymes, among many others. Book Recommendation Oliver Button Is a Sissy is a wonderful book. Since it was first published in 1979, parents and teachers have shared this picture book with children from four to fourteen. It helps children to get the message that its important for them to do what’s right for them despite teasing and  bullying. Children also begin to understand how important it is not to bully others for being different. Reading the book to your child is an excellent way to start a conversation about bullying. However, whats best about Oliver Button Is a Sissy is that it is a good story that engages childrens interest. It is well written, with wonderful complementary illustrations. It is highly recommended, particularly for kids ages 4-8, but also for elementary and middle school teachers to include in any discussion of bullies and bullying. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1979. ISBN: 9780156681407)

Career research report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Career research report - Assignment Example Ways of obtaining this information often eludes the graduates and they end up going back and forth between applications without success. This lack of understanding leads students leads graduates to settle on wrong choices. In my case, I am applying for the position of a sales executive that I saw in an advertisement. I conducted a thorough research into the details of this job including its pros and cons. This report should empower me with the knowledge, from tedious research, that I need to increase my employability in this field. This report outlines the details of the position, the methodology I used to conduct my research and the sources I used. It also analyzes the pros and cons of this career choice; showing the long tern and short term aspects of this field. This report also analyzes the chances of graduates getting jobs as sales executives and the problems they face making this transition. The sales profession, including managers and executives, has been around since mankind discovered they could sell things. The earliest forms of sales include prostitution, which was among the first fields to be recorded as having employed all the techniques used by sales people today. Other examples include the sale of homes and used cars, just to name a few. In the beginning, the field of sales was not as crowded as it is now. Most businesses’ sizes ranged from small to medium; therefore, the sales were handled mostly by the owners. Only in rare cases could one find a business that had employed personnel to aid in sales. The business owners were focused on fulfilling the customer needs by meeting orders and had no need fro sales and marketing. They did not feel the pressure that is present today to branch out their businesses. This was before the industrial revolution (edis.ifas.ufl.edu). After the industrial revolution, businesses had the ability to increase their production and serve a larger client base. From here, the need for sales personnel grew by the d ay. Businesses were branching out to new locations, employing sales executives and managers along the way to spread the reach of their product. Sales executives acted as a go-between for the consumer and the producer and nothing more. Recent trends, however, reveal the use of sales executives to gather information about specific client expectations to help improve product and service quality. Competition has grown through sales executives’ efforts to sell quality services and products. They play a major part in influencing the production process through the intelligence they gather. Sales executives receive training on how to obtain information about their products from the customers. This information is taken to the managers who use it in the production process to increase sell ability of the products. Sales executives offer a great deal of service to these companies, not only through sale of product but also through gathering of information. They are tasked with the duty of answering product questions while out in the field. In doing so, they promote the customers’ confidence in the product and in the company making it. Occupational Research Terms of Reference This research was conducted diligently and following due procedure. The purpose was to understand what it entails to be a sales executive. The research also sought out to determine the skills and qualifications required for employment. It outlines the details of the position,

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Assignment Example This makes the amount of medicine and their effect in patients more difficult to monitor. A study to determine if warfarin is safe was conducted in 25 nursing homes. Patients INR value was ≠¥ 4.5 and suffered no damage, but there was an error in warfarin management. The errors mostly occurred at prescription and observation stages in warfarin management. Observation errors include inadequate laboratory tests to check warfarin level leading to delay response to high INR levels. Prescription error was mostly in dosage in respect to INR levels and drugs interaction. To avoid such instances, there should be frequent communication between nurses and doctors. According to Wu et al. (2011), there should also be upgrading of information technology to incorporate a modern computerized provider order entry program with clinical decision support in nursing homes and hospitals (p.160). This information helps to know the information technology needed to improve monitoring of warfarin therapy in patients leading to better warfarin management. Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee - Warfarin Therapy Management. (n.d.). Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee - Warfarin Therapy Management. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from http://www.bcguidelines.ca/guideline_warfarin_management.html. This report was written by physicians and is intended for other physicians. The guidelines given in this report focuses on management warfarin therapy in patients within an office setup. In this report guideline is given on how to begin administering warfarin, on international normalized ratio (INR) and dosage. It is written that before starting warfarin treatment one should consider various reasons why it should not be used. Warfarin should not be used; if the patient has severe or active bleeding diathesis, if the patient has some doses not taken or taken incorrectly, if the patient

Western presence in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Western presence in the Middle East - Essay Example The Western presence today is more of a continuation of these older precedents than a novel or unique circumstance. The purpose of this essay is to outline and to analyze the particular motives underlying these persistent territorial ambitions.The Western presence, in different forms and by different nations representing the West, has deep roots in the Middle East and the Gulf region. To be sure, the Western presence today is more of a continuation of these older precedents than a novel or unique circumstance. The purpose of this essay is to outline and to analyze the particular motives underlying these persistent territorial ambitions. To this end, twelve motives will be presented. These motives, taken together, provide a clearer understanding of conflict in the Middle East than an analysis of any particular motive in isolation. This is because many of the motives are, to some extant, interrelated; more specifically, economic motives such as energy security, in turn, give rise to ad ditional national security and strategic geographical considerations. The Middle East is a complex study.As a preliminary matter, it is first necessary to provide some brief geographical and historical context. There is a great deal of debate, some historically-based and some semantically-based, regarding the precise dimensions of the Middle East in both geographical and cultural terms. Such a discussion is beyond the scope of this paper; therefore, for the purposes of this essay, the Middle East will be defined to include Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestine, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. In addition, it is significant to note that the modern origins of the territorial struggle can be dated to 1918. This is when "the Ottoman sultanate, the last of the great Muslim empires, was finally defeated-its capital, Constantinople, occupied, its sovereign held captive, and much of its territory parti tioned between the victorious British and French Empires" (Lewis, 2001: np). As the Ottoman Empire was conquered, Turkey became a peripheral, though significant, part of the Middle East. Although Turkey did regain its independence, it did so as a secular nation rather than as a Muslim nation. This essay will focus on post-1918 events and motives. 1.1. Oil Motive No discussion of the Middle East can take place without a reference to oil and larger issues of economics and energy security. The West is most fundamentally drawn to the Middle East in order to secure and safeguard its access to oil. Indeed, as stated by Hill & Telhami et al, The Persian Gulf region remains central to the global oil market and will become even more vital in the future. U.S. oil imports from outside the Middle East will not change this fact. The United States and the other major oil importers -- western Europe and increasingly, as Morse and Richard note, South and East Asia -- are all part of a single, seamless oil market driven by supply and demand, and global demand for oil has risen steadily over the last several decades. Oil currently accounts for 40 percent of global energy consumption and is not anticipated to fall much below this share in the next 20 years (2002: np). The West is dependent on the Middle East for a huge percentage of its energy needs. Significantly, there is an increasing demand for oil being driven by non-traditional countries; more precisely, both South Asia and East Asia are demanding more oil as their economies develop and grow. China and India are countries which may increase their participation in the Middle East, driven by the same motivations as the West. 1.2 Strategic Geographical Motive In addition to oil, there are very practical geographical considerations. During the Cold War, for example, the Middle East was treated by the West and the Soviet Union as a proxy for their larger ideological and military competitions. Today, China is increasingly seen as a defender of Iran and a defender of Arab rights and self-determination. The region links continents, is possessed with major shipping routes, and is a necessary link for the transport of oil. Thus, the geographical motive refers to a strategic

The History Of The Bionic Eye

The History Of The Bionic Eye Here, we present a description of a block scheme, specific features of design and results of testing for a prototype of a bionic eye, types of them and its applications. The bionic eye is intended to provide vision, partially to the visually impaired by use of the modern day electronics devices like CCD cameras. The comprises a computer chip that sits in the back of the individuals eye, linked up to a mini video camera built into glasses that they wear. Images captured by the camera are beamed to the chip, which translates them into impulses that the brain can interpret. Although the images produced by the artificial eye were far from perfect, they could be clear enough to allow someone who is otherwise blind to recognize faces. The paper discusses the differences working methodologies used in each of them. During the tests and the clinical trails, this device made six blind people to regain their vision partially. The potential advantage of using bionic eye is to be able to remove t he blindness completely by making the advances in the present research and improving manufacturing technologies. This break through is likely to benefit approximately one crore world population who suffer from the most common causes of blindness, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration. The implant bypasses the diseased cells in the retina and stimulates the remaining viable cells. This is a revolutionary piece of technology and really has the potential to change peoples lives. But we need to be aware it is still some way in the future. INTRODUCTION A Bionic Eye is a device, which acts as an artificial eye. It is a broad term for the entire electronics system consisting of the image sensors, processors, radio transmitters receivers, and the retinal chip. Based on the institute developed these devices are developed but with minor to major differences, of these the devices with functional capability and those which are clinically tested and results proved are discussed here. Here the designers objective is to go for a system that is technically perfect with no loop holes and that is harmless to the human body which receives the system and that is commercially viable both in terms of ease of manufacture, cost and the process of implanting. Blindness means loss of vision. Rods and Cones, millions of them are in the back of every healthy human eye. They are biological solar cells in the retina that convert light to electrical impulses impulses that travel along the optic nerve to the brain where images are formed. Without them, eyes lose the capacity to see, and are declared blind. Degenerative retinal diseases result in death of photoreceptorsrod-shaped cells at the retinas periphery responsible for night vision and cone-shaped cells at its center responsible for color vision. Worldwide, 1.5 million people suffer from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness. In the Western world, agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of vision loss in people over age 65, and the issue is becoming more critical as the population ages. Each year, 700,000 people are diagnosed with AMD, with 10 percent becoming legally blind, defined by 20/400 vision. Many AMD patients retain some degree of peripheral vision. Currently, there is no effective treatment for most patients with AMD and RP, the researchers say . However, if one could bypass the photoreceptors and directly stimulate the inner retina with visual signals, one might be able to restore some degree of sight. Need for the BIONIC EYE: It has been shown that electric stimulation of retinal neurons can produce perception of light in patients suffering from retinal degeneration. Using this property the eye and make uses of the functional cells to retain the vision with the help of electronic devices that assist this cells in performing the task of vision, we can make these lakhs of people get back their vision at least artially. A design of an optoelectronic retinal prosthesis system that can stimulate the retina with resolution corresponding to a visual acuity of 20/80-sharp enough to orient yourself toward objects, recognize faces, read large fonts, watch TV and, perhaps most important, lead an independent life. The researchers hope their device may someday bring artificial vision to those blind due to retinal degeneration. BIONIC EYE DEFINED: Bionic Eye, Bio Electronic eye, is a device that can provide sight the detection of light. It replaces the functionality of a part or whole of eye. it is used to replace functionality as well as add functionality. It is a complex combination of multiple devices which work together for restoration of the vision of the subject. The Diseases that cause blindness:  Ã‚ ® Retinitis Pigmentosa  Ã‚ ® Macular Degeneration Of these, retinitis pigmentosa is a disease, which is a hereditary genetic disease in which peripheral rods degenerate gradually progresses towards center of eye and results in tunnel vision. As for macular degeneration, it is also genetically related , it degenerates cones in macula region, causing damage to central vision but spares peripheral retina. MIT- HARVARD DEVICE: This device follows an Epi-Retinal Approach. In this Microelectrode array replaces damaged photoreceptors, which act in the place of rods and cones to send the signals to optic nerve. The power source Laser(820nm wavelength). For image acquisition it uses a CCD Camera. Patient spectacle holds the camera and power source. It consists of two systems, system-1 which senses and transmits image and power and other system which stimulates the cells, there by making brain visualize the image. System 1:  Ã‚ ® CCD camera input External light intensity  Ã‚ ® CCD output amplitude-modulates laser source  Ã‚ ® This hits photodiode array of implant  Ã‚ ® This in turn powers stimulator chip (SC) System 2:  Ã‚ ® SC drives current to electrodes facing retina  Ã‚ ® This excites the ganglionic cells > axons > optic nerve > visual cortex in occipital lobe of brain  Ã‚ ® Brain helps in perceiving an image Advantages:  Ã‚ ® Very Early in the visual pathway  Ã‚ ® No Batteries implanted within body  Ã‚ ® No complicated surgical procedure  Ã‚ ® Power Requirement  ¼ of milliwatt Disadvantages  Ã‚ ® Axons b/w electrodes and ganglionic cells  Ã‚ ® Other axons get excited unwanted perception of large blur  Ã‚ ® Extra circuitry required for downstream electrical input Artificial Retina Prosthesis using ASR (Artificial Silicon Retina) ASR is a solid state biocompatible chip which contains an array of photo receptors, and is implanted to replace the functionality of the defective photoreceptors .Current generated by the device in response to light stimulation will alter the membrane potential of the overlying neurons and thereby activate Visual ensationsthoerv iPsuhaolsspyhsetenmes. can be evoked by electrical stimulation of the different levels of the visual pathway. Phosphenes are evoked by the stimulation of the eyeball or the visual cortex. Artificial vision created by the controlled electric stimulation of the retina has color.  Ã‚ ® Epiretinal Approach involves a semiconductor based device positioned on the surface of the retina to try to simulate the remaining overlying cells  Ã‚ ® Sfutbhreerteintianla A pproach involves implanting the ASR chip behind the retina to simulate the remaining viable cells. IMPLANT DESIGN: Primitive devices Single photosensitive pixel(3mm in diameter) Neo devices The current micro photodiode array (MPA) is comprised of a regular array of individual hotodiode subunits, each approximately 20ÃÆ'-20-ÃŽÂ ¼m square and separated by 10-ÃŽÂ ¼m channel stops (37). The resulting micro photodiode density is approximately 1,100/m2. IMPLANT features The size of implant is 50um. And it needs no external power supply. The response 500nm to 1100nm wavelength response. Working: For the technique to work, the patient must still have some functioning ganglion cells nerve cells that transmit visual information from the retinal cells to the optic nerve as well as a fully-functioning optic nerve. A tiny electronic pad is placed onto the retina of one eye, so that the electrodes are in direct contact with the ganglion cells. Each of the devices 100 electrodes can stimulate 20 to 30 cells. Real-time vision: The user wears a pair of glasses that contain a miniature camera and that wirelessly transmits video to a cellphone-sized computer in the wearers pocket. This computer processes the image information and wirelessly transmits it to a tiny electronic receiver implanted in the wearers head. When received in the implanted chip, the digital information is transformed into electrical impulses sent into the ganglion cells. From there, the brain takes over as the information travels down the optic nerve to the visual cortex at the back of the brain. The whole process occurs extremely rapidly, so that patients see in real-time. This is important any noticeable lag could stimulate the vestibular-ocular reflex, making people feel dizzy and sick. Currently recipients of the device experience a relatively narrow view, but more electrodes should provide a greater field of vision. By stimulating more ganglion cells, he hopes that visual acuity will increase dramatically. His teams next goal is to design a device with 1000 electrodes. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Implants are comprised of a doped and ion-implanted silicon substrate disk to produce a PiN (positive-intrinsic-negative) junction. Fabrication begins with a 7.6-cm diameter semiconductor grade N-type silicon wafer. For the MPA device, a photomask is used to ion-implant shallow P+ doped wells into the front surface of the wafer, separated by channel stops in a pattern of individual micro photodiodes. An intrinsic layer automatically forms at the boundary between the P+-doped wells and the N-type substrate of the wafer. The back of the wafer is then ion-implanted to produce a N+ surface. Thereafter, an insulating layer of silicon nitrate is deposited on the front of the wafer, covering the entire surface except for the well openings. A thin adhesion layer, of chromium or titanium, is then deposited over the P+ and N+ layers. A transparent electrode layer of gold, iridium/iridium oxide, or platinum, is deposited on the front well side, and on the background side. In its simplest form, the photodiode and electrode layers are the same size. However, increasing the photodiode collector to electrode area ratio can increase the current density available at each individual micro photodiode subunit. Post Implant function and Inference.  Ã‚ ®Measurement procedure  Ã‚ ® IR stimulation at 940nm on the ASR chip  Ã‚ ® Recorded at the corneal surface using contact lens electrode  Ã‚ ® Comparison of responses of gold, platinum and iridium electrodes  Ã‚ ® Iridium based device has a longer persistence  Ã‚ ® Stability of these electrodes BIO-COMPATIBILTY RESULTS: There is no progressive change in retinal appearance that may be associated with retinal toxicity. But there is loss of photoreceptive layer over the region of implant, which is expected due to deprival of oxygen and nutrients to those cells underlying the chip. Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset (MARC): The other revolutionary bio electronic eye is the MARC , this uses a ccd camera input and a laser beam or rf to transmit the image into the chip present in the retina using this a resolution of 100 pixels is achieved by using a 1010 array. It consists of a platinum or rubber silicon electrode array placed inside the eye to stimulate the cells. THE MARC SYSTEM BLOCK: Outside Eye: The video input to the marc system block is given through a CCD camera. This image is further processed using a PDA sized image processor to transmit it , we do pulse width modulation in first stage and then ASK modulation is done. This signal is further amplified using a class E power amplifier and transmitted using RF telemetry coils. Inside Eye: The signal received from the RF telemetry coils is power recovered and then these signal is ASK demodulated and the data and clock is recovered from this signals and these signal are sent to the configuration and control block of the chip which from its input decode what information has to be sent to each of the electrodes and sends them this data. And the electrodes in turn stimulate the cells in the eye so as to send this stimulation to the brain through optic nerve and help brain in visualizing the image and while this process is going on the status of each electrode is sent to the marc diagnostics chip outside the eye Block Diagram Of Image Acquisition System: The image acquisition system consists of a CMOS digital camera which acquires images and sends it to the Analog to Digital Converter. It converts this analog input to digital data. This data is first sent into a video buffer where it is processed, the images are color mapped and this processed images are sent through RS232 interface. this serial data is then sent to the electrodes or testing monitor through a RF circuit or laser beam. Marc Hermetic Sealing And Positioning: The RF coils either intra ocular or extra ocular coil arrangement as shown in figure. This rf probes receives the transmitted RF energy and give it to the MARC chip. The AC wires from this coil is sent to the MARC chip. This chip is hermetically sealed in silicone gel and the other sides of the chips have the electrodes, which stimulate the cells in eye. Advantage of the Marc system: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compact Size 66 mm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diagnostic Capability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction of stress upon retina Conclusion: Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve peoples lives with artificial, bionic devices. Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted cardiac pacemaker. Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve peoples lives with artificial, bionic devices. Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts. Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses. Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brains control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical engineering. But what ever be the pro and cons of this system. If this system is fully developed it will change the lives of millions of people around the world. We may not restore the vision fully, but we can help them to least be able to find their way, recognize faces, read books, above all lead an independent life.